L'entrainement par intervalles.

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Basic Interval Training Workout Design
The basic variables manipulated when designing an interval training program include:

Duration (time / distance) of intervals
Duration of rest / recovery phase
Number of repetitions of intervals
Intensity (speed) of intervals
Frequency of interval workout sessions

Duration of the Intervals
Intervals can be short or long, and most endurance athletes will use a combination of the two during training.

Short Intervals (6-30 Seconds)
Short intervals generally last from six to 30 seconds and produce a moderate amount of lactic acid, so they are a good way for beginners to get started in interval training. Intervals as short as six seconds have been shown to improve both speed and endurance in recreational exercisers. Thirty-second intervals seem to produce better outcomes for competitive athletes, but because six-second intervals result in less muscle damage and faster recovery, they are a recommended starting place for novice athletes.
Long Intervals (2-3 Minutes)
Long intervals generally last from two to three minutes and are very demanding, and damaging to muscle tissue. Performed all-out, long intervals result in greater muscle damage, a greater need for oxygen, and faster depletion of muscle glycogen. Longer intervals also require a longer rest phase. Intervals lasting longer than three minutes are less common and should not be done more than every few weeks.